逻辑谬误指的是在论证过程中出现的错误，这些错误可能会破坏论点的有效性。识别和避免这些谬误对于构建强有力的论证非常关键。本文提及了一些常见逻辑谬误。
You’ve seen them on social media. You’ve heard them in movie dialogue. You’ve probably even used them yourself. They’re logical fallacies, those not-quite logically sound statements that might seem solid at first glance, but crumble the moment you give them a second thought.
你在社交媒体上见过它们。你在电影对白中听到过。你可能自己也用过。它们是逻辑谬误，那些不太合乎逻辑的陈述，乍一看似乎是可靠的，但你再一想它们就会崩溃。
Logical fallacies are everywhere. Being able to identify logical fallacies in others’ writing as well as in your own will make you a more critical thinker, which in turn will make you a stronger writer and reader. As you’ll see below, there are a lot of ways an argument can be flawed. Take a look at some of the most commonly used logical fallacies.
逻辑谬误无处不在。能够识别别人和自己作品中的逻辑谬误会让你成为一个更批判性的思考者，反过来又会让你成为一个更强大的作家和读者。正如你将在下面看到的，一个论点有很多可能是有缺陷的。让我们来看看一些最常用的逻辑谬误。
Red herring
红鲱鱼
A red herring is an attempt to shift focus from the debate at hand by introducing an irrelevant point. Example: Losing a tooth can be scary, but have you heard about the Tooth Fairy?
红鲱鱼是指试图通过引入一个无关的观点来转移人们对当前辩论的注意力。例子:掉一颗牙可能很可怕，但是你听说过牙仙子吗?
Straw man
稻草人
A straw man argument is one that argues against an inaccurate version of the opposition rather than their actual argument. Example: Erin thinks we need to stop using all plastics, right now, to save the planet from climate change.
稻草人论点是指反对不准确的反对意见，而不是反对他们实际的论点。艾琳认为我们现在需要停止使用所有塑料，以拯救地球免受气候变化的影响。
Ad hominem
人身攻击
An ad hominem fallacy is one that directed against a person, rather than against what that person says. Example: You have no idea what you’re talking about; you’ve only lived here for six months.
人身攻击谬论是针对一个人的谬论，而不是针对那个人所说的话。例句:你根本不知道自己在说什么;你才在这里住了六个月。
False dilemma
伪困境
A false dilemma claims there are only two options in a given situation. Often, these two options are extreme opposites of each other, failing to acknowledge that other, more reasonable, options exist. Example: If you don’t support my decision, you were never really my friend.
伪困境声称在给定的情况下只有两种选择。通常情况下，这两种选择是彼此极端对立的，无法承认存在其他更合理的选择。如果你不支持我的决定，那你就不是我真正的朋友。
Causal fallacy
因果谬论
A causal fallacy is one that implies a relationship between two things where one can’t actually be proven. Example: When ice cream sales are up, so are shark attacks. Therefore, buying ice cream increases your risk of being bitten by a shark.
因果谬论是指两件事之间的关系，其中一件不能被证明。例子:当冰淇淋销量上升时，鲨鱼袭击也会上升。因此，买冰淇淋会增加你被鲨鱼咬伤的风险。
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