五、专项语法
被动语态
（一）语态：英语的语态是通过动词形式的变化表现出来的。英语中有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。
主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者。
Many people speak Chinese.
谓语：speak 的动作是由主语 many people 来执行的。
被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者，即行为动作的对象。
Chinese is spoken by many people.
主语 English 是动词 speak 的承受者。
（二）被动语态的构成 被动语态由 “助动词 be＋及物动词的过去分词” 构成。人称、数和时态的变化是通过 be 的变化表现出来的。
现以speak 为例说明被动语态在各种时态中的构成。
一般现在时：am／is／are＋spoken
一般过去时：was／were＋spoken
一般将来时：will／shall be＋spoken
现在进行时：am／is／are being＋spoken
过去进行时：was/were being＋spoken
现在完成时：have／has been＋spoken
过去完成时：had been + spoken
（三）被动语态的用法
（1）不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁。
Some new computers were stolen last night.
一些新电脑在昨晚被盗了。（不知道是谁偷的）
He is often asked to sing songs.
经常有人叫他唱歌。
（2）强调动作的承受者，而不强调动作的执行者。例如：
The glass was broken by Mike.
玻璃杯是迈克打破的。
This book was written by him.
这本书是他写的。
Your homework must be finished on time.
你们的家庭作业必须及时完成。
（四）主动语态变被动语态的方法
（1）把主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语。
（2）把谓语变成被动结构（be＋过去分词） （根据被动语态句子里的主语的人称和数，以及原来主动语态句子中动词的时态来决定 be 的形式）。
（3）把主动语态中的主语放在介词 by 之后作宾语，将主格改为宾格。
All the people laughed at him.
→ He was laughed at by all people.
They make the bikes in the factory.
→ The bikes are made by them in the factory.
He cut down a tree.
→ A tree was cut down by him.
歌诀总结:
主动变被动，方法要记清;
首先宾变主，然后变谓语:
主语变宾语,有时可省略;
其他留原处,一般不用变。
（五）含有情态动词的被动语态 含有情态动词的主动句变成被动句时，由 “情态动词＋be＋过去分词” 构成。
We can repair this watch in two days.
→This watch can be repaired in two days.
They should do it at once.
→It should be done at once.
（六）特殊情况
1.He made the boy work for two hours yesterday.
→The boy was made to work by him for two hours yesterday.
2.Mother never lets me watch TV .
→I am never let to watch TV by mother.
3.Jack gave Peter a Christmas present just now.
→（1）A Christmas present was given to Peter by Jack just now.
→（2）Peter was given a Christmas present by Jack just now.
1.---Do you think Shanghai is a _______ city?
---Certainly. It has beautiful buildings, tidy streets and hard-working people.
A. likely B. lonely
C. lively D. lately
答案：C
2.—Shijiazhuang is becoming much more beautiful.
—Yes. Many trees and flowers _______ in our city every year.
A. are planting B. are planted
C. were planting D. were planted
答案：B
六、专题作文
民间小吃：糖葫芦（tanghulu）
原料：山楂（haw）,有些地方的糖葫芦用草莓（strawberry）、葡萄（grape），甚至小苹果等制成
历史渊源：据说，宋代（the song dynasty）一位皇帝的妻子曾因吃了糖葫芦治好了病，因此流传下来
象征：幸福和团员
要求：
1)写作内容必须包含提示中的所有信息，可适当发挥。
2)不要逐句翻译，词数80-100。
参考词汇：
folk snacks民间小吃
material原料
happiness and reunion幸福和团员
【思路点拨】
1.确定文体和时态：记叙文或说明文相结合，一般现在时与一般过去时相结合。
2.理清写作的逻辑顺序，注意时态的变化，恰当使用连接词，行文流畅，内容完整。
参考句型：
(1) China is famous for…
(2) It’s great that China is so good at…
(3) …wish that in the future…will…
(4) These usually try to show…
(5) They are seen as symbols of…
参考例文：
Dear Linda,
You asked me what famous snacks there were in my country. Well, in my country, one of the most famous snacks is tanghulu.Each different part of China has different tanghulu. It is usually made of haws, which are put together on a stick and covered with ice sugar. But there are more materials for tanghulu today in some places, such as strawberries, grapes, and even little apples.It is said that tanghulu ever saved the life of an emperor’s wife in the Song Dynasty. It was so delicious and healthy that many Chinese people like eating it. It is now seen as the bright symbols of happiness and reunion.Are you looking forward to eating it? Come to my country, and I’ll treat you to tanghulu.
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